Front-End (Client-Side Development)

(Handles UI/UX, client-side logic, rendering)

Languages:

• HTML – Markup language for structure
• CSS / SCSS / LESS – Styling
• JavaScript (JS) – Core interactive scripting
• TypeScript (TS) – Typed superset of JavaScript
• Dart – Used in Flutter for front-end
• Elm – Functional reactive UI language
• Haxe – Cross-platform UI scripting

Front-End Frameworks/Libraries:

• React.js (JS/TS) – Component-based UI
• Vue.js – Lightweight front-end framework
• Angular (TS) – Full-featured front-end framework
• Svelte – Compiled front-end framework
• SolidJS – Reactive UI framework
• Preact – Lightweight React alternative
• Alpine.js – Minimal JavaScript framework
• Stimulus.js – Small JS framework for enhancing HTML
• Lit – Web components library
• Next.js (React-based full-stack)
• Nuxt.js (Vue-based full-stack)

CSS Frameworks:

• Tailwind CSS – Utility-first styling
• Bootstrap – Popular CSS framework
• Bulma – Flexbox-based CSS framework
• Foundation – Responsive UI

Back-End (Server-Side Development)

(Manages business logic, APIs, and microservices)

Languages:

• JavaScript (Node.js) – Event-driven backend
• Python – AI, ML, and backend services
• Java – Enterprise and microservices backend
• C# (.NET) – Enterprise and cloud-native apps
• Go (Golang) – High-performance microservices
• Rust – Safe, high-speed back-end development
• PHP – Web backend scripting
• Ruby – General-purpose backend scripting
• Kotlin – JVM-based backend development
• Swift – Apple ecosystem backend
• Scala – Functional & concurrent backend programming
• Elixir – Scalable backend for real-time apps
• C / C++ – High-performance backend
• Perl – Scripting and automation backend
• R – Statistical computing and API-driven backend
• Lua – Lightweight scripting for gaming & web
• Haskell – Functional backend development
• Erlang – Distributed, fault-tolerant backend
• F# – Functional .NET programming
• Clojure – Lisp-based functional backend
• D – Systems-level backend development
• Crystal – Ruby-like compiled backend language

Back-End Frameworks:

• Node.js – JavaScript runtime
• Django (Python) – Full-featured backend framework
• Flask (Python) – Lightweight backend framework
• FastAPI (Python) – High-performance API framework
• Spring Boot (Java) – Enterprise microservices
• Quarkus (Java) – Lightweight microservices
• Micronaut (Java/Kotlin) – Modern Java framework
• ASP.NET Core (C#) – Enterprise cloud framework
• Express.js (Node.js) – Minimalist web framework
• NestJS (Node.js/TS) – Modular backend framework
• Ruby on Rails (Ruby) – Convention-over-configuration backend
• Sinatra (Ruby) – Lightweight web framework
• Phoenix (Elixir) – Scalable, real-time web framework
• Laravel (PHP) – Modern PHP framework
• Symfony (PHP) – Modular PHP framework
• CodeIgniter (PHP) – Lightweight MVC framework
• Gin (Go) – High-performance web framework
• Beego (Go) – Go-based enterprise framework
• Actix Web (Rust) – High-performance Rust framework
• Rocket (Rust) – Rust-based web framework
• Vapor (Swift) – Server-side Swift framework
• Play Framework (Scala/Java) – Reactive web applications
• Ktor (Kotlin) – Lightweight web framework

Database (SQL, NoSQL, Graph, Time-Series)

(Manages data storage, retrieval, and transactions)

SQL Databases:

• PostgreSQL – Open-source, powerful relational DB
• MySQL – Popular, widely-used relational DB
• MariaDB – MySQL-compatible, improved performance
• SQLite – Lightweight, embedded database
• Microsoft SQL Server – Enterprise-grade DB
• Oracle Database – Enterprise RDBMS

NoSQL Databases:

• MongoDB – Document-based database
• CouchDB – Distributed NoSQL DB
• Firebase Realtime Database – Cloud-based NoSQL
• DynamoDB (AWS) – Managed NoSQL

Graph Databases:

• Neo4j – Graph-based AI/ERP automation
• ArangoDB – Multi-model database
• Dgraph – Distributed graph database

Time-Series Databases:

• TimescaleDB (PostgreSQL extension) – Time-series AI analytics
• InfluxDB – High-speed time-series DB

Distributed & Cloud Databases:

• CockroachDB – Global distributed SQL
• Google Spanner – Google’s distributed RDBMS
• Cassandra (Apache) – Scalable NoSQL database